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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It is still healthier than we had hoped for. The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence society. But there are signs that a secular culture is emerging. Origins During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking, block printing, art styles and written language to Japan. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or to build fortifications. At the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a tenet. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all people, even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves lined with stone, and decorated with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of massive single stones, are also widespread throughout the country. In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a valid Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful state however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territory. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the enormous cost of the old system advocate a thorough program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand supporters of the old system want to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses. Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to present). 에볼루션 게이밍 identifies key elements that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier types of life. In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science began in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders. The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which covered its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country. One example of one KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.